Outline

Introduction

The Eukaryotic Genome

Size of the Genome (Figure 28.1)

Repetitive Sequences (Figure 28.2)

Satellite DNA (Figure 28.3)

Duplications of Functional Genes

Alu Elements

Introns

Gene Families

Multiple Variants of a Gene (Figure 7.25, Figure 7.20, Figure 7.22)

Pseudogenes (Figure 7.23)

The Physical Organization of Eukaryotic DNA: Chromosomes and Chromatin

Chromosomes

Chromatin (Table 28.1)

The Nucleosome (Figure 28.11)

Higher Order Chromatin Structure in the Nucleus (Figure 28.12, Figure 28.13)

The Cell Cycle and DNA Replication in Eukaryotes

The Cell Cycle (Figure 28.14, Figure 28.15, Figure 28.16)

Molecular Events During Chromatin Replication

Replication of DNA (Table 24.2, Table 24.3)

Assembly of Nucleosomes (Figure 28.17)

Origins of Replication (Table 24.1, Figure 28.18)

Telomeres (Table 28.2, Figure 28.19)

Transcription and its Control in Eukaryotic Cells

RNA Polymerase I: Transcription of the Major Ribosomal RNA Genes (Figure 28.20)

RNA Polymerase III: Transcription of Small RNA Genes (Figure 28.21, Figure 28.22, Figure 28.23)

RNA Polymerase II: Transcription of Structural Genes (Figure 28.24, Table 28.4)

Chromatin Structure and Transcription

The Problem of Initiation

Chromatin Remodeling (Figure 28.27, Figure 28.28)

Transcriptional Elongation

Termination of Transcription (Figure 28.29)

Processing of Messenger RNA

Capping (Figure 28.30)

Splicing (Figure 28.31, Table 28.5, Figure 28.32, Figure 28.33)

Alternative Splicing (Figure 28.34)

Editing

Translation in Eukaryotes

Comparison with Prokaryotic Mechanisms

Ribosomes

Initiation (Table 28.6, Figure 28.35, Figure 27.20)

Elongation and Termination

Inhibitors of Translation (Figure 28.36)

Control of Translation (Figure 28.37)

Protein Targeting in Eukaryotes

Proteins Synthesized in the Cytoplasm (Figure 28.38)

Proteins Synthesized on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Figure 28.39)

Role of the Golgi Complex (Figure 28.40, Figure 28.41)

The Fate of Proteins: Programmed Destruction

The Lysosomal System (Figure 28.42)

Cytosolic Protein Degradation (Figure 28.43, Figure 28.44)

Apoptosis

Eukaryotic DNA and Development: An Overview (Figure 28.45)