Outline

Introduction

Amino Acids Related to Citric Acid Cycle Intermediates (Figure 21.1)

Synthesis and Catabolism of Glutamate, Aspartate, Alanine, Glutamine, and Asparagine (Diagram 1, #2, #3 Figure 20.14)

Intermediary Metabolism of Glutamate

Biosynthesis of Ornithine, Arginine, and Creatine Phosphate (Figure 21.2, Figure 21.3, Figure 21.10, Diagram)

Arginine as the Precursor to Nitric Oxide, a Novel Second Messenger (Figure 21.3)

Biosynthesis of Proline, Hydroxyproline, and Collagen (Diagram 1, #2, Figure 21.4)

-Aminobutyric Acid (Diagram)

Other Functions of Glutamate

Metabolism of Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids

Reduction of Inorganic Sulfur (Diagram)

Synthesis of Cysteine and Methionine in Plants and Bacteria (Figure 21.5)

Cysteine Biosynthesis (Diagram 1, #2)

Methionine Biosynthesis (Figure 21.6)

Methionine as the Source of Cysteine Sulfur in Animals (Figure 21.7, Figure 21.8, Figure 21.9)

Metabolism of Glutathione (Diagram)

S-Adenosylmethionine and Biological Methylations(Figure 21.3, Table 21.1, Diagram)

Polyamines (Figure 21.10, Diagram)

Catabolism of Cysteine and Methionine (Figure 21.11)

Aromatic Amino Acids

Biosynthesis of Aromatic Rings: The Shikimic Acid Pathway (Figure 21.12, Figure 21.13, Figure 21.14, Diagram)

Biosynthesis of Histidine (Figure 21.17)

Aromatic Amino Acid Utilization in Plants (Diagram)

Aromatic Amino Acid Utilization in Animals

Tyrosine Biosynthesis (Figure 21.18, Diagram)

Tyrosine Utilization and Catabolism (Figure 21.19, Figure 21.20, Figure 21.21, Diagram)

Tryptophan (Figure 21.16, Figure 21.22, Table 11.5, Diagram)

Histidine (Figure 21.23)

Serine, Glycine, and Threonine (Figure 21.24, Diagram, Figure 21.25, Diagram)

Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, and Lysine

Valine, Leucine, and Isoleucine (Figure 21.26, Diagram)

Lysine

Porphyrin and Heme Metabolism

Biosynthesis of Tetrapyrroles: The Succinate-Glycine Pathway (Figure 21.27, Figure 21.28, Figure 21.29, Diagram, Figure 21.30)

Degradation of Heme in Animals (Figure 21.31)

Amino Acids and Their Metabolites as Neurotransmitters and Biological Regulators

Biosynthesis of Serotonin and Catecholamines (Diagram, Figure 21.32)

Biochemistry of Neurotransmission

The Cholinergic Synapse (Figure 21.33, Diagram)

The Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (Figure 21.34)

Inhibition of the Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission (Table 11.4)

Catecholamines and Adrenergic Neurons (Diagram)

Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurotransmission (Figure 21.36, Table 21.2)

Neurotransmitter Receptors and Psychopharmacology