Outline

Introduction

A First Look at Metabolism (Figure 12.1)

Freeways on the Metabolic Road Map (Figure 12.2)

Central Pathways of Energy Metabolism (Figure 12.3, Figure 12.4, Figure 12.5, Figure 12.6, Figure 12.7, Figure 12.8)

Distinct Pathways for Biosynthesis and Degradation (Reactions, p. 422)

Some Bioenergetic Considerations

Oxidation as a Metabolic Energy Source

Biological Oxidations: Energy Release in Small Increments (Reaction)

Energy Yields, respiratory Quotients, and Reducing Equivalents (Reaction, Reaction 2, Reaction 3, Figure 12.9)

ATP as Free Energy Currency (Reaction, Reaction 2, Figure 3.7)

Thermodynamic Properties of ATP

The Importance of Differences Between G' and

Other High-Energy Nucleotides

Adenylate Energy Charge

Major Metabolic Control Mechanisms

Control of Enzyme Levels

Control of Enzyme Activity (Figure 12.10)

Compartmentation (Figure 12.11)

Hormonal Regulation (Figure 12.13)

Distributive Control of Metabolism

Experimental Analysis of Metabolism

Goals for the Study of Metabolism

Levels of Organization at Which Metabolism is Studied

Whole Organism (Figure 12.14)

Isolated or Perfused Organ

Whole Cells

Cell-Free Systems

Purified Components

Metabolic Probes (Figure 12.15)