OpenGL® Shading Language
Randi J. Rost

ISBN-10: 0321197895
ISBN-13: 9780321197894

Publisher: Addison-Wesley Professional
Copyright: 2004
Format: Paper; 608 pp
Status: Out of Print

Suggested retail price: $59.99
This item is out of print and is no longer available for purchase.

The Open GL® Shading Language is the definitive guide for students to this new high-level shading language, the next major advancement for OpenGL. This book is both a tutorial and a reference. The tutorial section provides plenty of examples that will help students learn the language, and will help them learn how to create top-quality graphics effects. The reference section contains an easily accessible form of the language specification that will function as the definitive reference to the language.

The definitive reference and cookbook for the OpenGL Shading Language, the most exciting addition to OpenGL in years!

° Shading languages are the most important new development in graphics programming in years

° The author is at the very center of the activity surrounding the OpenGL Shading Language

° Both a tutorial and a reference, with lots of practical examples



Foreword.


Preface.


About the Author.


About the Contributors.


Acknowledgments.


1. Review of OpenGL Basics.

OpenGL History.

Evolving OpenGL.

Execution Model.

The Frame Buffer.

State.

Processing Pipeline.

Drawing Geometry.

Specifying Geometry.

Per-Vertex Operations.

Primitive Assembly.

Primitive Processing.

Rasterization.

Fragment Processing.

Per-Fragment Operations.

Frame Buffer Operations.

Drawing Images.

Pixel Unpacking.

Pixel Transfer.

Rasterization and Back-End Processing.

Read Control.

Coordinate Transforms.

Texturing.

Summary.

Further Information.



2. Basics.

Introduction to the OpenGL Shading Language.

Why Write Shaders?

OpenGL Programmable Processors.

Vertex Processor.

Fragment Processor.

Language Overview.

Language Design Considerations.

C Basis.

Additions to C.

Additions from C++.

C Features Not Supported.

Other Differences.

System Overview.

Driver Model.

OpenGL Shading Language Compiler/Linker

OpenGL API Extensions.

Key Benefits.

Summary.

Further Information.



3. Language Definition.

Example Shader Pair.

Data Types.

Scalars.

Vectors.

Matrices.

Samplers.

Structures.

Arrays.

Void.

Declarations and Scope.

Type Matching and Promotion.

Initializers and Constructors.

Type Conversions.

Qualifiers and Interface to a Shader.

Attribute Qualifiers.

Uniform Qualifiers.

Varying Qualifiers.

Constant Qualifiers.

Absent Qualifier.

Flow Control.

Functions.

Calling Conventions.

Built-in Functions.

Operations.

Indexing.

Swizzling.

Component-wise Operation.

Preprocessor.

Preprocessor Expressions.

Error Handling.

Summary.

Further Information.



4. The OpenGL Programmable Pipeline.

The Vertex Processor.

Vertex Attributes.

Uniform Variables.

Special Output Variables.

Built-in Varying Variables.

User-Defined Varying Variables.

The Fragment Processor.

Varying Variables.

Uniform Variables.

Special Input Variables.

Special Output Variables.

Built-in Uniform Variables.

Built-in Constants.

Interaction with OpenGL Fixed Functionality.

Two-Sided Color Mode.

Point Size Mode.

Clipping.

Raster Position.

Position Invariance.

Texturing.

Summary.

Further Information.



5. Built-in Functions.

Angle and Trigonometry Functions.

Exponential Functions.

Common Functions.

Geometric Functions.

Matrix Functions.

Vector Relational Functions.

Texture Access Functions.

Fragment Processing Functions.

Noise Functions.

Summary.

Further Information.



6. Simple Shading Example.

Brick Shader Overview.

Vertex Shader.

Fragment Shader.

Observations.

Summary.

Further Information.



7. OpenGL Shading Language API.

Creating Shader Objects.

Compiling Shader Objects.

Linking and Using Shaders.

Cleaning Up.

Query Functions.

Specifying Vertex Attributes.

Specifying Uniform Variables.

Samplers.

Development Aids.

Implementation-Dependent API Values.

Application Code for Brick Shaders.

Summary.

Further Information.



8. Shader Development.

General Principles.

Understand the Problem.

Add Complexity Progressively.

Test and Iterate.

Strive for Simplicity.

Modularity.

Performance Considerations.

Consider Computational Frequency.

Analyze Your Algorithm.

Use the Built-in Functions.

Use Vectors.

Use Textures to Encode Complex Functions.

Review the Info Logs.

Shader Debugging.

Use the Vertex Shader Output.

Use the Fragment Shader Output.

Use Simple Geometry.

Shader Development Tools.

RenderMonkey.

OpenGL Shading Language Compiler Front End.

Summary.

Further Information.



9. Traditional Shaders.

Transformation.

Light Sources.

Directional Lights.

Point Lights.

Spotlights.

Material Properties and Lighting.

Two-Sided Lighting.

No Lighting.

Fog.

Texture Coordinate Generation.

User Clipping.

Texture Application.

Summary.

Further Information.



10. Stored Texture Shaders.

Accessing Texture Maps from a Shader.

Simple Texturing Example.

Application Setup.

Vertex Shader.

Fragment Shader.

Multitexturing Example.

Application Setup.

Vertex Shader.

Fragment Shader.

Environment Mapping Example.

Application Setup.

Vertex Shader.

Fragment Shader.

Polynomial Texture Mapping with BRDF Data.

Application Setup.

Vertex Shader.

Fragment Shader.

Summary.

Further Information.



11. Procedural Texture Shaders.

Regular Patterns.

Stripes vertex shader.

Stripes Fragment Shader.

Toy Ball.

Application Setup.

Vertex Shader.

Fragment Shader.

Lattice.

Bump Mapping.

Application Setup.

Vertex Shader.

Fragment Shader.

Normal Maps.

Summary.

Further Information.



12. Noise.

Defining Noise.

2D Noise.

Higher Dimensions of Noise.

Using Noise in OpenGL Shaders.

Noise Textures.

Trade-offs.

A Simple Noise Shader.

Application Setup.

Vertex Shader.

Fragment Shader.

Turbulence.

Sun Surface Shader.

Marble.

Granite.

Wood.

Application Setup.

Fragment Shader.

Summary.

Further Information.



13. Animated Shaders.

On/Off.

Threshold.

Translation.

Key-Frame Interpolation.

Key-Frame Interpolation Vertex Shader.

Other Blending Effects.

Particle Systems.

Application Setup.

Confetti Cannon Vertex Shader.

Confetti Cannon Fragment Shader.

Further Enhancements.

Wobble.

Summary.

Further Information.



14. Antialiasing Procedural Textures.

Sources of Aliasing.

Avoiding Aliasing.

Increasing Resolution.

Antialiased Stripe Example.

Generating Stripes.

Analytic Prefiltering.

Adaptive Analytic Prefiltering.

Analytic Integration.

Antialiased Brick Fragment Shader.

Frequency Clamping.

Antialiased Checkerboard Fragment Shader.

Summary.

Further Information.



15. Non-Photorealistic Shaders.

Hatching Example.

Application Setup.

Vertex Shader.

Generating Hatching Strokes.

Obtaining Uniform Line Density.

Lighting.

Adding Character.

Hatching Fragment Shader.

Technical Illustration Example.

Application Setup.

Vertex Shader.

Fragment Shader.

Mandelbrot Example.

About the Mandelbrot Set.

Vertex Shader.

Fragment Shader.

Julia Sets.

Summary.

Further Information.



16. Shaders for Imaging.

Geometric Image Transforms.

Mathematical Mappings.

Lookup Table Operations.

Color Space Conversions.

Image Interpolation and Extrapolation.

Brightness.

Contrast.

Saturation.

Sharpness.

Blend Modes.

Normal.

Average.

Dissolve.

Behind.

Clear.

Darken.

Lighten.

Multiply.

Screen.

Color Burn.

Color Dodge.

Overlay.

Soft Light.

Hard Light.

Add.

Subtract.

Difference.

Inverse Difference.

Exclusion.

Opacity.

Convolution.

Smoothing.

Edge Detection.

Sharpening.

Summary.

Further Information.



17. Language Comparison.

Chronology of Shading Languages.

RenderMan.

OpenGL Shader (ISL).

HLSL.

Cg.

Summary.

Further Information.



Appendix A. Language Grammar.


Appendix B. API Function Reference.

glAttachObjectARB.

glBindAttribLocationARB.

glCompileShaderARB.

glCreateProgramObjectARB.

glCreateShaderObjectARB.

glDeleteObjectARB.

glDetachObjectARB.

glEnableVertexAttribArrayARB.

glGetActiveAttribARB.

glGetActiveUniformARB.

glGetAttachedObjectsARB.

glGetAttribLocationARB.

glGetHandleARB.

glGetInfoLogARB.

glGetObjectParameterARB.

glGetShaderSourceARB.

glGetUniformARB.

glGetUniformLocationARB.

glGetVertexAttribARB.

glGetVertexAttribPointervARB.

glLinkProgramARB.

glShaderSourceARB.

glUniformARB.

glUseProgramObjectARB.

glValidateProgramARB.

glVertexAttribARB.

glVertexAttribPointerARB.



Afterword.


Glossary.


Further Reading.


Index.

Randi Rost is an ISV Manager in the Software and Solutions Group at Intel. Randy serves on the OpenGL ARB, led the 3Dlabs team responsible for defining and implementing OpenGL 2.0, and is one of the first programmers to design and implement shaders using the OpenGL Shading Language.



Praise for OpenGL® Shading Language

“OpenGL® Shading Language provides a timely, thorough, and entertaining introduction to the only OpenGL ARB-approved high-level shading language in existence. Whether an expert or a novice, there are gems to be discovered throughout the book, and the reference pages will be your constant companion as you dig into the depths of the shading APIs. From algorithms to APIs, this book has you covered.”

     —Bob Kuehne
         CEO, Blue Newt Software

“Computer graphics and rendering technologies just took a giant leap forward with hardware vendors rapidly adopting the new OpenGL Shading Language. This book presents a detailed treatment of these exciting technologies in a way that is extremely helpful for visualization and game developers.”

     —Andy McGovern
         Founder, Virtual Geographics, Inc.

“The OpenGL Shading Language is at the epicenter of the programmable graphics revolution, and Randi Rost has been at the center of the development of this significant new industry standard. If you need the inside track on how to use the OpenGL Shading Language to unleash new visual effects, and unlock the supercomputer hiding inside the new generation of graphics hardware, then this is the book for you.”

     —Neil Trevett
         Senior Vice President Market Development, 3Dlabs

"The author has done an excellent job at setting the stage for shader development, what the purpose is, how to do it, and how it all fits together."
—Jeffery Galinovsky
Strategic Software Program Manager, Intel Corporation

The OpenGL® Shading Language, a high-level procedural shading language for OpenGL®, is the most important new development in graphics programming to emerge in years. OpenGL is the leading cross-platform 3D-graphics API, and the OpenGL Shading Language allows developers to take total control over the most important stages of the graphics-processing pipeline.

OpenGL® Shading Language is the experienced application programmer's guide to writing shaders. Part reference, part tutorial, this book thoroughly explains the shift from fixed-functionality graphics hardware to the new era of programmable graphics hardware and the additions to the OpenGL API that support this programmability. With OpenGL and shaders written in the OpenGL Shading Language, applications can perform better, achieving stunning graphics effects by utilizing the capabilities of both the visual processing unit and the central processing unit.

In this book, you will find a detailed introduction to the OpenGL Shading Language and the new OpenGL function calls that support it. The text begins by describing the syntax and semantics of this high-level programming language. Once this foundation has been established, the book explores the creation and manipulation of shaders using new OpenGL function calls.

OpenGL® Shading Language features extensive examples of shaders and their underlying algorithms, including

  • Procedural texturing
  • Noise
  • Particle systems
  • Hatching
  • Analytic antialiasing
  • Image processing

The color plate section illustrates the power and sophistication of the OpenGL Shading Language. The API Function Reference at the end of the book is an excellent quick reference to the API entry points that support the OpenGL Shading Language. An enhanced online index allows readers to quickly and easily search the entire text for specific topics.



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