Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code
Martin Fowler
Kent Beck
John Brant
William Opdyke
Don Roberts

ISBN-10: 0201485672
ISBN-13: 9780201485677

Publisher: Addison-Wesley Professional
Copyright: 1999
Format: Cloth; 464 pp
Published: 06/28/1999

Suggested retail price: $59.99
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Refactoring is about improving the design of existing code. It is the process of changing a software system in such a way that it does not alter the external behavior of the code, yet improves its internal structure. With refactoring you can even take a bad design and rework it into a good one. This book offers a thorough discussion of the principles of refactoring, including where to spot opportunities for refactoring, and how to set up the required tests. There is also a catalog of more than 40 proven refactorings with details as to when and why to use the refactoring, step by step instructions for implementing it, and an example illustrating how it works The book is written using Java as its principle language, but the ideas are applicable to any OO language.



1. Refactoring, a First Example.

The Starting Point.

The First Step in Refactoring.

Decomposing and Redistributing the Statement Method.

Replacing the Conditional Logic on Price Code with Polymorphism.

Final Thoughts.



2. Principles in Refactoring.

Defining Refactoring.

Why Should You Refactor?

When Should You Refactor?

What Do I Tell My Manager?

Problems with Refactoring.

Refactoring and Design.

Refactoring and Performance.

Where Did Refactoring Come From?



3. Bad Smells in Code.

Duplicated Code.

Long Method.

Large Class.

Long Parameter List.

Divergent Change.

Shotgun Surgery.

Feature Envy.

Data Clumps.

Primitive Obsession.

Switch Statements.

Parallel Inheritance Hierarchies.

Lazy Class.

Speculative Generality.

Temporary Field.

Message Chains.

Middle Man.

Inappropriate Intimacy.

Alternative Classes with Different Interfaces.

Incomplete Library Class.

Data Class.

Refused Bequest.

Comments.



4. Building Tests.

The Value of Self-testing Code.

The JUnit Testing Framework.

Adding More Tests.



5. Toward a Catalog of Refactorings.

Format of the Refactorings.

Finding References.

How Mature Are These Refactorings?



6. Composing Methods.

Extract Method.

Inline Method.

Inline Temp.

Replace Temp with Query.

Introduce Explaining Variable.

Split Temporary Variable.

Remove Assignments to Parameters.

Replace Method with Method Object.

Substitute Algorithm.



7. Moving Features Between Objects.

Move Method.

Move Field.

Extract Class.

Inline Class.

Hide Delegate.

Remove Middle Man.

Introduce Foreign Method.

Introduce Local Extension.



8. Organizing Data.

Self Encapsulate Field.

Replace Data Value with Object.

Change Value to Reference.

Change Reference to Value.

Replace Array with Object.

Duplicate Observed Data.

Change Unidirectional Association to Bidirectional.

Change Bidirectional Association to Unidirectional.

Replace Magic Number with Symbolic Constant.

Encapsulate Field.

Encapsulate Collection.

Replace Record with Data Class.

Replace Type Code with Class.

Replace Type Code with Subclasses.

Replace Type Code with State/Strategy.

Replace Subclass with Fields.



9. Simplifying Conditional Expressions.

Decompose Conditional.

Consolidate Conditional Expression.

Consolidate Duplicate Conditional Fragments.

Remove Control Flag.

Replace Nested Conditional with Guard Clauses.

Replace Conditional with Polymorphism.

Introduce Null Object.

Introduce Assertion.



10. Making Method Calls Simpler.

Rename Method.

Add Parameter.

Remove Parameter.

Separate Query from Modifier.

Parameterize Method.

Replace Parameter with Explicit Methods.

Preserve Whole Object.

Replace Parameter with Method.

Introduce Parameter Object.

Remove Setting Method.

Hide Method.

Replace Constructor with Factory Method.

Encapsulate Downcast.

Replace Error Code with Exception.

Replace Exception with Test.



11. Dealing with Generalization.

Pull Up Field.

Pull Up Method.

Pull Up Constructor Body.

Push Down Method.

Push Down Field.

Extract Subclass.

Extract Superclass.

Extract Interface.

Collapse Hierarchy.

Form Template Method.

Replace Inheritance with Delegation.

Replace Delegation with Inheritance.



12. Big Refactorings.

Tease Apart Inheritance.

Convert Procedural Design to Objects.

Separate Domain from Presentation.

Extract Hierarchy.



13. Refactoring, Reuse, and Reality.

A Reality Check.

Why Are Developers Reluctant to Refactor Their Programs?

A Reality Check (Revisited).

Resources and References for Refactoring.

Implications Regarding Software Reuse and Technology Transfer.

A Final Note.

References.



14. Refactoring Tools.

Refactoring with a Tool.

Technical Criteria for a Refactoring Tool.

Practical Criteria for a Refactoring Tool.

Wrap Up.



15. Putting It All Together.


References.


List of Soundbites.


List of Refactorings.


Index. 0201485672T04062001

Martin Fowler is the Chief Scientist of ThoughtWorks, an enterprise-application development and delivery company. He's been applying object-oriented techniques to enterprise software development for over a decade. He is notorious for his work on patterns, the UML, refactoring, and agile methods. Martin lives in Melrose, Massachusetts, with his wife, Cindy, and a very strange cat. His homepage is http://martinfowler.com.

Kent Beck consistently challenges software engineering dogma, promoting ideas like patterns, test-driven development, and Extreme Programming. Currently affiliated with Three Rivers Institute and Agitar Software, he is the author of many Addison-Wesley titles.

John Brant and Don Roberts are the authors of the Refactoring Browser for Smalltalk, which is found at http://st-www.cs.uiuc.edu/~brant/RefactoringBrowser/. They are also consultants who have studied both the practical and theoretical aspects of refactoring for six years.

William Opdyke's doctoral research on refactoring object-oriented frameworks at the University of Illinois led to the first major publication on this topic. He is currently a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff at Lucent Technologies/Bell Laboratories.

John Brant and Don Roberts are the authors of the Refactoring Browser for Smalltalk, which is found at http://st-www.cs.uiuc.edu/~brant/RefactoringBrowser/. They are also consultants who have studied both the practical and theoretical aspects of refactoring for six years.



As the application of object technology--particularly the Java programming language--has become commonplace, a new problem has emerged to confront the software development community. Significant numbers of poorly designed programs have been created by less-experienced developers, resulting in applications that are inefficient and hard to maintain and extend. Increasingly, software system professionals are discovering just how difficult it is to work with these inherited, "non-optimal" applications. For several years, expert-level object programmers have employed a growing collection of techniques to improve the structural integrity and performance of such existing software programs. Referred to as "refactoring," these practices have remained in the domain of experts because no attempt has been made to transcribe the lore into a form that all developers could use. . .until now. In Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code, renowned object technology mentor Martin Fowler breaks new ground, demystifying these master practices and demonstrating how software practitioners can realize the significant benefits of this new process.

With proper training a skilled system designer can take a bad design and rework it into well-designed, robust code. In this book, Martin Fowler shows you where opportunities for refactoring typically can be found, and how to go about reworking a bad design into a good one. Each refactoring step is simple--seemingly too simple to be worth doing. Refactoring may involve moving a field from one class to another, or pulling some code out of a method to turn it into its own method, or even pushing some code up or down a hierarchy. While these individual steps may seem elementary, the cumulative effect of such small changes can radically improve the design. Refactoring is a proven way to prevent software decay.

In addition to discussing the various techniques of refactoring, the author provides a detailed catalog of more than seventy proven refactorings with helpful pointers that teach you when to apply them; step-by-step instructions for applying each refactoring; and an example illustrating how the refactoring works. The illustrative examples are written in Java, but the ideas are applicable to any object-oriented programming language.



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    • Refactoring is about improving the design of existing code. It is the process of changing a software system in such a way that it does not alter the external behavior of the code, yet improves its internal structure. With refactoring you can even take a bad design and rework it into a good one. This book offers a thorough discussion of the principles of refactoring, including where to spot opportunities for refactoring, and how to set up the required tests. There is also a catalog of more than 40 proven refactorings with details as to when and why to use the refactoring, step by step instructions for implementing it, and an example illustrating how it works The book is written using Java as its principle language, but the ideas are applicable to any OO language.

  • 0201485672Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code
    Fowler, Beck, Brant, Opdyke & Roberts
    © 1999 | Addison-Wesley Professional | Cloth; 464 pages | Instock
    ISBN-10: 0201485672 | ISBN-13: 9780201485677
    Brief Description | Buy from myPearsonStore

    • In this comprehensive introduction to Ada programming, programmers learn how to maximize the potential of this powerful language using an object-oriented methodology. Grady Booch and Doug Bryan combine their expertise to explain how to create large-scale Ada systems using good software engineering principles. Five large-scale Ada programming examples build upon these principles using an object-oriented methodology while illuminating topics such as database systems and generic tree packages. The Third Edition also incorporates more small-sized code examples, exercises based on the programming applications, a new chapter on Ada's impact on the software crisis, and an appendix on Ada 9X.

  • 0805306080Software Engineering with ADA, 3/E
    Booch & Bryan
    © 1994 | Addison-Wesley Professional | Paper; 576 pages | Out of Stock
    ISBN-10: 0805306080 | ISBN-13: 9780805306088
    Brief Description

    • This book provides a clear and provocative discussion of the economics, metrics, and management strategies necessary to plan and execute a software project successfully. Royce discusses, with refreshing candor, some of the fads, follies, and excesses of the software industry, clearly differentiating proven techniques and obsolete methods. Paired with this insightful examination are compelling arguments for new management approaches that are sure to stimulate debate. The relative impacts of these new techniques are quantified through simple economic analyses, common sense, and anecdotal evidence. The resulting framework strikes a pragmatic balance between theory and practice that can be readily applied in today's challenging development environment. An extensive case study analysis of a large-scale, million-line project deployed successfully on schedule and under budget using these methods further illustrates their application.

  • 0201309580Software Project Management: A Unified Framework
    Royce
    © 1998 | Addison-Wesley Professional | Cloth; 448 pages | Instock
    ISBN-10: 0201309580 | ISBN-13: 9780201309584
    Brief Description | Buy from myPearsonStore

  • 0201809389Testing Object-Oriented Systems: Models, Patterns, and Tools
    Binder
    © 2000 | Addison-Wesley Professional | Cloth; 1248 pages | Instock
    ISBN-10: 0201809389 | ISBN-13: 9780201809381
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    • This thoroughly revised second edition is based upon the authors' successful

    training courses, and gives the reader a quick, focused tour through a proven

    object-oriented analysis and design process. It introduces and explains the

    need-to-know concepts and key elements of both Unified Modeling Language

    (UML) and the Unified Process (UP). The book allows the reader to get up to

    speed on successful techniques that can be immediately applied. The structure

    of the book aims to give the reader as clear and uncomplicated a guide as

    possible. It takes the reader through an introduction to UML, an introduction

    to the UP, then covers the basics of software requirements and use case

    modeling. The key aspects of the analysis and design stages are covered in stepby-

    step detail, finishing off with implementation.

  • 0321321278UML 2 and the Unified Process: Practical Object-Oriented Analysis and Design, 2/E
    Arlow & Neustadt
    © 2005 | Addison-Wesley Professional | Paper; 624 pages | Instock
    ISBN-10: 0321321278 | ISBN-13: 9780321321275
    Brief Description | Buy from myPearsonStore

    • Series: The Addison-Wesley Object Technology Series

    The long-awaited third edition of the best-selling UML book on the market; fully-updated and compliant with UML 2.0. This eagerly-anticipated third edition gets students thinking about efficient object-oriented software design using the latest version of the industry-standard for modeling software: UML 2.0. The author has retained the book's convenient, concise format that has made it an essential resource in courses introducing UML. The book describes all the major UML 2.0 diagram types, what they are intended to do, and the basic notation involved in creating and deciphering them. A true treasure for the software engineering community.

  • 0321193687UML Distilled: A Brief Guide to the Standard Object Modeling Language, 3/E
    Fowler
    © 2004 | Addison-Wesley Professional | Paper; 208 pages | Instock
    ISBN-10: 0321193687 | ISBN-13: 9780321193681
    Brief Description | Buy from myPearsonStore

    • This pragmatic guide introduces UML while leading the student through the process of UML-based database modeling and design. The book presents the different types of UML diagrams, explaining how they apply to the database world, and shows how data modeling with the UML can be tied into the Rational Unified Process.

    UML for Database Design is structured around the database design process: business use case modeling, business object modeling, database requirements definition, analysis and preliminary design, and, finally, detailed design and deployment. For each phase of development the book describes the overall objectives and workflow of that phase, the status of the case study, the relevant UML constructs, and the nuts and bolts of database modeling and design with the UML. Drawing on their extensive industry experience, the authors reveal the trials and tribulations of database development teams, lessons learned, and pointers for success.

  • 0201721635UML for Database Design
    Naiburg & Maksimchuk
    © 2002 | Addison-Wesley Professional | Paper; 320 pages | Instock
    ISBN-10: 0201721635 | ISBN-13: 9780201721638
    Brief Description | Buy from myPearsonStore

    • The latest version of the Unified Modeling Language–UML 2.0–has increased its capabilities as the standard notation for modeling software-intensive systems. Like most standards documents, however, the official UML specification is difficult to read and navigate. In addition, UML 2.0 is far more complex than previous versions, making a thorough reference book more essential than ever.

    In this significantly updated and expanded edition of the definitive reference to the standard, James Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson, and Grady Booch–the UML’s creators–clearly and completely describe UML concepts, including major revisions to sequence diagrams, activity models, state machines, components, internal structure of classes and components, and profiles.

  • 0321245628The Unified Modeling Language Reference Manual, 2/E
    Rumbaugh, Jacobson & Booch
    © 2005 | Addison-Wesley Professional | Cloth Bound w/CD-ROM; 752 pages | Instock
    ISBN-10: 0321245628 | ISBN-13: 9780321245625
    Brief Description | Buy from myPearsonStore

  • 020130998XThe Unified Modeling Language Reference Manual
    Rumbaugh, Jacobson & Booch
    © 1999 | Addison-Wesley Professional | Cloth Bound w/CD-ROM; 576 pages | Instock
    ISBN-10: 020130998X | ISBN-13: 9780201309980
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  • 0321267974The Unified Modeling Language User Guide, 2/E
    Booch, Rumbaugh & Jacobson
    © 2005 | Addison-Wesley Professional | Cloth; 496 pages | Instock
    ISBN-10: 0321267974 | ISBN-13: 9780321267979
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    • This landmark book provides a thorough overview of the Unified Process for software development, with a practical focus on modeling using the Unified Modeling Language. The Unified Process goes beyond mere object-oriented analysis and design to spell out a proven family of techniques that supports the complete software development life cycle. The result is a component-based process that is use-case driven, architecture-centric, iterative, and incremental. The Unified Process takes full advantage of the industry-standard Unified Modeling Language. This book demonstrates how the notation and process complement one another, using UML models to illustrate the new process in action. The authors clearly describe the semantics and notation of the different higher-level constructs used in the models. Constructs such as use cases, actors, subsystems, classes, interfaces, active classes, processes, threads, nodes, and most relations are described in the context of a model. Object technology practitioners and software engineers familiar with the authors' past work will appreciate The Unified Software Development Process as a useful means of learning the current best practices in software development.

  • 0201571692The Unified Software Development Process
    Jacobson, Booch & Rumbaugh
    © 1999 | Addison-Wesley Professional | Cloth; 512 pages | Instock
    ISBN-10: 0201571692 | ISBN-13: 9780201571691
    Brief Description | Buy from myPearsonStore

  • 0201432897Use Case Driven Object Modeling with UML: A Practical Approach
    Rosenberg & Scott
    © 1999 | Addison-Wesley Professional | Paper; 192 pages | Instock
    ISBN-10: 0201432897 | ISBN-13: 9780201432893
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    • PLEASE PROVIDE SUMMARY

  • 0201709139Use Case Modeling
    Bittner & Spence
    © 2003 | Addison-Wesley Professional | Paper; 368 pages | Instock
    ISBN-10: 0201709139 | ISBN-13: 9780201709131
    Brief Description | Buy from myPearsonStore

    • Fully updated and revised, Visual Modeling with Rational Rose 2002 and UML is a comprehensive introduction and tutorial that shows how to use a tool (Rational Rose 2002), a process (the Rational Unified Process), and a language (the UML) to successfully visualize, specify, document, and construct a software system. This timely new edition, written by the UML Evangelist at Rational Software Corporation, breaks the technology down to its essentials and provides clear explanations of each element. The book follows a simplified version of the Rational Unified Process from project inception through system analysis and design. The popular sample case study from the previous editions (a registration system for a fictional university) has been retained and updated, now better illustrating the iterative development process in practice, the UML in action, and the proper application of Rational Rose 2002. Newly updated appendixes demonstrate code generation and reverse engineering using Rational Rose 2002 with the C++, Visual C++, and Visual Basic programming languages. In addition, a handy glossary defines key object technology and software modeling terms.

  • 0201729326Visual Modeling with Rational Rose 2002 and UML, 3/E
    Quatrani
    © 2003 | Addison-Wesley Professional | Paper; 288 pages | Instock
    ISBN-10: 0201729326 | ISBN-13: 9780201729320
    Brief Description | Buy from myPearsonStore

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